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  • 1. Cybercrime, or computer crime, is crime that involves a computer and a network.
    2. The computer may have been used in the commission of a crime, or it may be the target.
    3. Debarati Halder and K. Jaishankar define cybercrimes as: "Offences that are committed
    4. against individuals or groups of individuals with a criminal motive to intentionally harm the
    5. reputation of the victim or cause physical or mental harm, or loss, to the victim directly or
    6. indirectly, using modern telecommunication networks such as Internet (networks including
    7. but not limited to Chat rooms, emails,notice boards and groups) and mobile phones
    (Bluetooth/SMS/MMS)".
    8. Cybercrimes may threaten a person or a nation's security and financial health.
    9. Issues surrounding these types of crimes have become high-profile, particularly those
    10. surrounding hacking, copyright infringement, unwarranted mass-surveillance, child pornography, and child
    11. grooming. There are also problems of privacy when confidential information is intercepted or
    12. disclosed, lawfully or otherwise. Debarati Halder and K. Jaishankar further define cybercrime from the
    13. perspective of gender and defined 'cybercrime against women' as "Crimes targeted against women with
    14. a motive to intentionally harm the victim psychologically and physically, using modern telecommunication
    15. networks such as internet and mobile phones". Internationally, both governmental and non-state actors
    16. engage in cybercrimes, including espionage, financial theft, and other cross-border crimes. Activity
    17. crossing international borders and involving the interests of at least one nation state is sometimes
    18. referred to as cyberwarfare.
    19. A report (sponsored by McAfee) estimates that the annual damage to the global economy is at $445
    20. billion; however, a Microsoft report shows that such survey-based estimates are "hopelessly flawed" and
    21. exaggerate the true losses by orders of magnitude. Approximately $1.5 billion was lost in 2012 to online
    22. credit and debit card fraud in the US. In 2016, a study by Juniper Research estimated that the costs of
    23. cybercrime could be as high as 2.1 trillion by 2019.
    24. Computer crime encompasses a broad range of activities.
    25. Fraud and financial crimes - Main article: Internet fraud
    26. Computer fraud is any dishonest misrepresentation of fact intended to let another to do or refrain from
    27. doing something which causes loss. In this context, the fraud will result in obtaining a benefit by:
    28. *Altering in an unauthorized way. This requires little technical expertise and is common form of theft by
    29. employees altering the data before entry or entering false data, or by entering unauthorized instructions or
    30. using unauthorized processes;
    31. *Altering, destroying, suppressing, or stealing output, usually to conceal unauthorized transactions.
    This is difficult to detect;
    32. *Altering or deleting stored data;
    33. Other forms of fraud may be facilitated using computer systems, including bank fraud, carding, identity theft,
    34. extortion, and theft of classified information.A variety of internet scams, many based on phishing and social
    35. engineering, target consumers and businesses.
    36. Cyberterrorism - Main article: Cyberterrorism
    37. Government officials and information technology security specialists have documented a significant
    38. increase in Internet problems and server scans since early 2001. But there is a growing concern among
    39. federal officials that such intrusions are part of an organized effort by cyberterrorists, foreign
    40. intelligence services, or other groups to map potential security holes in critical systems. A cyberterrorist
    41. is someone who intimidates or coerces a government or organization to advance his or her political or
    42. social objectives by launching a computer-based attack against computers, networks, or the information
    43. stored on them.
    44. Cyberterrorism in general, can be defined as an act of terrorism committed through the use of
    45. cyberspace or computer resources (Parker 1983). As such, a simple propaganda in the Internet, that
    46. there will be bomb attacks during the holidays can be considered cyberterrorism. There are also hacking
    47. activities directed towards individuals, families, organized by groups within networks, tending to cause
    48. fear among people, demonstrate power, collecting information relevant for ruining peoples' lives,
    49. robberies, blackmailing etc.
    50. Cyberextortion - Main article: Extortion,
    51. Cyberextortion occurs when a website, e-mail server, or computer system is subjected to or threatened
    52. with repeated denial of service or other attacks by malicious hackers. These hackers demand money in
    53. return for promising to stop the attacks and to offer "protection". According to the Federal Bureau of
    54. Investigation, cyberextortionists are increasingly attacking corporate websites and networks, crippling
    55. their ability to operate and demanding payments to restore their service. More than 20 cases are
    56. reported each month to the FBI and many go unreported in order to keep the victim's name out of the
    57. public domain. Perpetrators typically use a distributed denial-of-service attack.[9]
    58. Cyberwarfare - Main article: Cyberwarfare
    59. The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) notes that the cyberspace has emerged as a national-level
    60. concern through several recent events of geo-strategic significance. Among those are included, the
    61. attack on Estonia's infrastructure in 2007, allegedly by Russian hackers. "In August 2008, Russia again
    62. allegedly conducted cyberattacks, this time in a coordinated and synchronized kinetic and non-kinetic
    63. campaign against the country of Georgia. Fearing that such attacks may become the norm in future
    64. warfare among nation-states, the concept of cyberspace operations impacts and will be adapted by
    65. warfighting military commanders in the future.
    66. Computer as a target
    67. These crimes are committed by a selected group of criminals. Unlike crimes using the computer as a tool,
    68. these crimes require the technical knowledge of the perpetrators. As such, as technology evolves, so too does
    69. the nature of the crime. These crimes are relatively new, having been in existence for only as long as
    70. computers have—which explains how unprepared society and the world in general is towards combating
    71. these crimes. There are numerous crimes of this nature committed daily on the internet:
    72. Crimes that primarily target computer networks or devices include:
    73. Computer viruses
    74. Denial-of-service attacks
    75. Malware (malicious code)







  • Maddelere gerek yok
  • Uzun sürer. Google'ı kullanabilirsin hatasız çevirecektir.

    < Bu ileti mobil sürüm kullanılarak atıldı >
  • quote:

    Orijinalden alıntı: genel adam

    Uzun sürer. Google'ı kullanabilirsin hatasız çevirecektir.

    Evet dün çeviriden hallettim geliştirmişler güzel çeviriyor
    • 
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